Inter-observer agreement on levels of evidence in radiology articles.

Levels of evidence (LE) are established through a hierarchical classification of studies according to their design. At present, there are many heterogeneous LE classifications, and this hampers their applicability. Our study aims to identify which LE classification has the best interobserver concordance for radiology articles. For this purpose, an interobserver agreement analysis were performed on 105 original articles applying two NE scales (Oxford Center of Evidence Based Medicine (OCEBM) y National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)). The inter-rater agreement of the LE assigned after reading the abstracts was good when using the OCEBM scale (K = 0.679), and somewhat lower with the NHMRC (K = 0.577 -moderate-). All differences were statistically significant (P < .000). So, in conclusion, of the two scales analysed (OCEBM and NHMRC), the OCEBM led to the strongest level of inter-rater agreement.

¿Cuántos Tipos de Revisiones de la Literatura Existen? Enumeración, Descripción y Clasificación. Revisión Cualitativa / How Many Types of Literature Reviews are There? Listings, Description and Classification

La expansión y consolidación de la práctica clínica basada en la evidencia ha llevado entre otras, a la necesidad de realizar una variedad cada vez mayor de tipos de revisión de la literatura científica; lo que permite avanzar en el conocimiento y comprender la amplitud de la investigación sobre un tema de interés, teniendo en cuenta que una de las propiedades del conocimiento es su carácter acumulativo. Sin embargo, la diversidad de la terminología utilizada genera confusión de términos y conceptos. El objetivo de este manuscrito fue proporcionar un listado de los tipos de revisiones de la literatura más frecuentemente utilizados con sus características y algunos ejemplos de ellas. Revisión cualitativa. Se examinaron de forma dirigida las bases de datos PubMed, WoS y Scopus, en búsqueda de términos asociados a tipos de revisiones y síntesis de la literatura científica. Se encontraron 21 tipos de revisión; y 29 variantes y sinonimias asociadas; las que ilustran los procesos de cada una de ellas. Se da una descripción general de las características de cada cual, junto con las fortalezas y debilidades percibidas. No obstante, se verificó que sólo algunos tipos de revisión poseen metodologías propias y explícitas. Este enfoque, proporciona un punto de referencia para quienes realizan o interpretan revisiones en el ámbito sanitario, y sugiere dos tipos de propuestas de clasificación.

SUMMARY: The expansion and consolidation of evidence-based clinical practice has led, among other things, to the need to carry out an increasing variety of types of literature reviews, which allows advancing in knowledge and understanding the breadth of research on a topic of interest. However, the diversity of the terminology used generates confusion of terms and concepts. The aim of this manuscript was to provide a list of the most frequently used review types with their characteristics and some examples. Qualitative review. PubMed, WoS and Scopus databases were examined in a directed way, searching for terms associated with types of reviews and syntheses of the scientific literature. Twenty-one types of review, and 29 variants and associated synonymies were found; those that illustrate the processes of each of them. An overview of the characteristics of each is given, along with perceived strengths and weaknesses. However, it was verified that only some types of review have their own explicit methodologies. This approach, provides a point of reference for those who perform or interpret reviews in the health field and suggests two classification proposals.

Guía de práctica clínica para el manejo de la pancreatitis aguda en el seguro social del Perú (Essalud)

El presente artículo resume la guía de práctica clínica (GPC) para el manejo de la pancreatitis aguda en el Seguro Social del Perú (EsSalud). Su objetivo es proveer recomendaciones clínicas basadas en evidencia para el manejo de la pancreatitis aguda en EsSalud. Se conformó un grupo elaborador de la guía (GEG) que incluyó médicos especialistas y metodólogos. El GEG formuló 7 preguntas clínicas a ser respondidas por la presente GPC. Se realizó búsquedas sistemáticas de revisiones sistemáticas y -cuando fue considerado pertinente- estudios primarios en PubMed durante el 2022. Se seleccionó la evidencia para responder cada una de las preguntas clínicas planteadas. La certeza de la evidencia fue evaluada usando la metodología Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). En reuniones de trabajo periódicas, el GEG usó la metodología GRADE para revisar la evidencia y formular las recomendaciones, los puntos de buenas prácticas clínicas y flujogramas correspondientes. Finalmente, la GPC fue aprobada con Resolución N° 105-IETSI-ESSALUD-2022. La presente GPC abordó 7 preguntas clínicas sobre fluidoterapia, momento de inicio de nutrición enteral, analgesia, tipo de nutrición, tratamiento antibiótico y quirúrgico. En base a dichas preguntas se formularon 8 recomendaciones (1 fuerte y 7 condicionales), 13 BPC, y 1 flujograma. El presente artículo resume la metodología y las conclusiones basadas en evidencia de la GPC para el manejo de la pancreatitis aguda en EsSalud.

This article summarizes the clinical practice guideline (CPG) for the management of acute pancreatitis in the Social Security of Peru (EsSalud), to provide evidence-based clinical recommendations for the management of acute pancreatitis in EsSalud. A guideline development group (GEG) was formed that included medical specialists and methodologists. The GEG formulated 7 clinical questions to be answered by this CPG. Systematic searches of systematic reviews and -when considered relevant-primary studies were carried out in PubMed during 2022. The evidence was selected to answer each of the clinical questions posed. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. In periodic work meetings, the GEG used the GRADE methodology to review the evidence and formulate the recommendations, the points of good clinical practice, and the corresponding ow charts. Finally, the CPG was approved with Resolution No. 105-IETSI-ESSALUD-2022. This CPG addressed 7 clinical questions on buid therapy, start of enteral nutrition, analgesia, type of nutrition, antibiotic, and surgical treatment. Based on these questions, 8 recommendations (1 strong and 7 conditional), 13 BPCs, and 1 flowchart were formulated. This article summarizes the methodology and evidence-based conclusions of the CPG for the management of acute pancreatitis in EsSalud.

Comprehensive approach to people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Knowledge Area of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition.

OBJECTIVE: To provide practical recommendations for the comprehensive approach of people with type 2 diabetes according to evidence-based medicine. PARTICIPANTS: Members of the Diabetes Knowledge Area of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition. METHODS: The recommendations were formulated according to the degrees of evidence of the Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. After reviewing the available evidence and formulating recommendations by the authors of each section, several rounds of comments were developed incorporating the contributions and voting on controversial points. Finally, the final document was sent to the rest of the members of the area for review and incorporation of contributions, to finally carry out the same process with the members of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition Board of Directors. CONCLUSIONS: The document establishes practical recommendations based on the latest available evidence for the management of people with type 2 diabetes.

Eficacia y seguridad de la testosterona en el tratamiento del deseo sexual hipoactivo en mujeres: ¿qué dice la evidencia? / Efficacy and safety of testosterone in the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire in women: what does the evidence say?

Objetivo: Determinar la eficacia y seguridad de la testosterona, en el tratamiento del deseo sexual hipoactivo en mujeres. Materiales y métodos: Se hizo una revisión sistemática de la literatura en diferentes bases de datos electrónicas (CINAHL, DynaMed, EMBASE, Lilacs, Medline, Scopus, entre otras), entre enero de 1990 y mayo de 2021; a través de términos de búsqueda estandarizados. Los desenlaces evaluados incluyeron la eficacia y seguridad de la testosterona en el incremento del deseo sexual, el número total de actividad sexual satisfactoria, el número de orgasmos y el nivel de angustia en pacientes con deseo sexual hipoactivo y proporción de reacciones adversas. Resultados: Se incluyeron 72 artículos. El uso de testosterona, en mujeres posmenopáusicas con deseo sexual hipoactivo reporta un positivo efecto sobre la función sexual, con aumentos significativos en la actividad sexual satisfactoria, así como mejoría en todos los dominios de la función sexual (deseo, excitación y respuesta orgásmica) y una disminución de la angustia personal, con incremento en la puntuación del Índice de Función Sexual Femenino. En las mujeres en edad fértil, la testosterona se formula para uso «off-label», de tal manera que se utilizan compuestos y dosis ideadas para tratamientos en hombres o fórmulas magistrales (las cuales no están aprobadas por los grupos de consenso ni avalados por investigaciones), pero no ha demostrado ningún efecto sobre la función sexual. Las reacciones adversas más frecuentes suelen ser el hirsutismo y el acné, aunque en general la testosterona, a dosis fisiológicas, tiene un perfil de seguridad favorable. Conclusiones: La testosterona es una terapia eficaz y segura en el tratamiento del trastorno del deseo sexual hipoactivo en mujeres después de la menopausia. En la actualidad no hay disponibilidad de estudios que avalen el uso de la terapia con testosterona en mujeres en edad reproductiva, por lo tanto, no está aprobado su uso. (AU)

Objective: To determine the efficacy and safety of testosterone in the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire in women. Materials and methods: A systematic review of the literature was carried out in different electronic databases (CINAHL, DynaMed, EMBASE, Lilacs, Medline, Scopus, among others), between January 1990 and May 2021; through standardized search terms. The outcomes evaluated included the efficacy and safety of testosterone in increasing sexual desire, the total number of satisfactory sexual activity, the number of orgasms and the level of distress in patients with hypoactive sexual desire and the proportion of adverse reactions. Results: 72 articles were included. The use of testosterone, in postmenopausal women, with hypoactive sexual desire, reports a positive effect on sexual function, with significant increases in satisfactory sexual activity, as well as improvement in all domains of sexual function (desire, arousal and orgasmic response) and a decrease in personal anguish, with an increase in the Female Sexual Function Index score. In women of childbearing age, testosterone is formulated for “off-label” use, in such a way that compounds and doses designed for treatments in men or magisterial formulas are used (which are not approved by consensus groups or endorsed by research), but has not shown any effect on sexual function. The most frequent adverse reactions are usually hirsutism and acne, although in general testosterone, at physiological doses, has a favorable safety profile. Conclusions: Testosterone is an effective and safe therapy in the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in women after menopause. Currently there are no studies available to support the use of testosterone therapy in women of reproductive age, therefore, its use is not approved. (AU)

Evidence-based medicine needs patient and public involvement to remain relevant: A proposal for a new curriculum / La medicina basada en la evidencia requiere la participación de la ciudadanía para mantener su relevancia: Propuesta para un nuevo plan de estudios

Introduction Public partnerships, a route to sharing expertise, networks and resources anchored in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, has been championed by multiple stakeholders. Objective To propose a new evidence-based medicine (EBM) curriculum for harnessing patient and public expertise to ensure that EBM teaching and learning can become more relevant and impactful. Methods A curriculum development group comprising of EBM teachers, patient and public involvement representatives, clinicians, clinical epidemiologists, public health experts and educationalists, with experience of delivering and evaluating face-to-face and online EBM courses across many countries and continents, prepared a new EBM course. Results A student-centred, problem-based and clinically integrated course for teaching and learning EBM was developed. In the spirit of shared decision-making, practitioners can learn to support patients, articulate their perspectives, recognise the need for their contribution and ensure community involvement when generating and applying evidence. With end users in mind, the application of research findings, delivery of care and EBM effectiveness in the workplace would carry increased priority. Conclusion Embracing patients as EBM collaborators can help deliver cognitive diversity and inspire different ways of thinking and working. Adopting the proposed approach in EBM education lays the foundations for a joint practitioner–patient partnership to ask, acquire, appraise and apply EBM in a more holistic context which will strengthen the EBM proposition (AU)

Introducción Las asociaciones de pacientes y ciudadanos constituyen una vía para compartir experiencias, redes y recursos siendo promovidas por los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible de la Organización de Naciones Unidas (ONU), y defendidas por todas las partes y sectores interesados. Objetivo Proponer un nuevo plan de estudios de medicina basada en la evidencia (MBE) para aprovechar la experiencia de los pacientes con el fin de garantizar de que la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de la MBE sean más relevantes e impactantes. Métodos Un grupo de expertos compuesto por profesores del área de MBE, representantes de pacientes, médicos, epidemiólogos clínicos, expertos en salud pública y pedagogos, con experiencia en la impartición y evaluación de cursos de MBE presenciales y online en el ámbito internacional, desarrolló e implementó un curso de MBE. Resultados Se desarrolló un curso centrado en el estudiante, basado en problemas y clínicamente integrado para la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de la MBE. En el espíritu de la toma de decisiones compartida, los profesionales pueden aprender a apoyar a los pacientes, a articular sus perspectivas, a reconocer la necesidad de su contribución y a garantizar la participación de la comunidad a la hora de generar y aplicar las pruebas. La aplicación de los resultados de la investigación, la prestación de cuidados y la eficacia de la MBE en el lugar de trabajo son las áreas de mayor prioridad para los asistentes. Conclusiones Adoptar a los pacientes como colaboradores de la MBE puede ayudar a proporcionar diversidad cognitiva e inspirar diferentes formas de pensar y trabajar. La adopción del enfoque propuesto en la formación en MBE sienta las bases para una colaboración conjunta entre profesionales y pacientes para preguntar, adquirir, valorar y aplicar la MBE en un contexto más holístico que reforzará la propuesta de MBE (AU)

Evidence-based medicine needs patient and public involvement to remain relevant: A proposal for a new curriculum.

INTRODUCTION: Public partnerships, a route to sharing expertise, networks and resources anchored in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, has been championed by multiple stakeholders. OBJECTIVE: To propose a new evidence-based medicine (EBM) curriculum for harnessing patient and public expertise to ensure that EBM teaching and learning can become more relevant and impactful. METHODS: A curriculum development group comprising of EBM teachers, patient and public involvement representatives, clinicians, clinical epidemiologists, public health experts and educationalists, with experience of delivering and evaluating face-to-face and online EBM courses across many countries and continents, prepared a new EBM course. RESULTS: A student-centred, problem-based and clinically integrated course for teaching and learning EBM was developed. In the spirit of shared decision-making, practitioners can learn to support patients, articulate their perspectives, recognise the need for their contribution and ensure community involvement when generating and applying evidence. With end users in mind, the application of research findings, delivery of care and EBM effectiveness in the workplace would carry increased priority. CONCLUSIONS: Embracing patients as EBM collaborators can help deliver cognitive diversity and inspire different ways of thinking and working. Adopting the proposed approach in EBM education lays the foundations for a joint practitioner-patient partnership to ask, acquire, appraise and apply EBM in a more holistic context which will strengthen the EBM proposition.

[Efficacy and safety of testosterone in the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire in women: what does the evidence say?] / Eficacia y seguridad de la testosterona en el tratamiento del deseo sexual hipoactivo en mujeres: ¿qué dice la evidencia?

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy and safety of testosterone in the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire in women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was carried out in different electronic databases (CINAHL, DynaMed, EMBASE, Lilacs, Medline, Scopus, among others), between January 1990 and May 2021; through standardized search terms. The outcomes evaluated included the efficacy and safety of testosterone in increasing sexual desire, the total number of satisfactory sexual activity, the number of orgasms and the level of distress in patients with hypoactive sexual desire and the proportion of adverse reactions. RESULTS: 72 articles were included. The use of testosterone, in postmenopausal women, with hypoactive sexual desire, reports a positive effect on sexual function, with significant increases in satisfactory sexual activity, as well as improvement in all domains of sexual function (desire, arousal and orgasmic response) and a decrease in personal anguish, with an increase in the Female Sexual Function Index score. In women of childbearing age, testosterone is formulated for "off-label" use, in such a way that compounds and doses designed for treatments in men or magisterial formulas are used (which are not approved by consensus groups or endorsed by research), but has not shown any effect on sexual function. The most frequent adverse reactions are usually hirsutism and acne, although in general testosterone, at physiological doses, has a favorable safety profile. CONCLUSIONS: Testosterone is an effective and safe therapy in the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in women after menopause. Currently there are no studies available to support the use of testosterone therapy in women of reproductive age, therefore, its use is not approved.

Utilidad de la midodrina para controlar el síncope vasovagal: ¿la recomienda la evidencia? / Usefulness of Midodrine for the Control of Recurrent Vasovagal Syncope: Does the Evidence Recommend it? / Utilidade da midodrina no controle da síncope vasovagal: as evidencias a recomendam?

Introducción:El síncope vasovagal es la principal causa de pérdida transitoria de la conciencia, y es un motivo de consulta cada vez más frecuente en pediatría y medicina del adulto. La midodrina es un agonista de los recepto-res alfa, de acción periférica, empleada principalmente en el manejo de la hipotensión ortostática; sin embargo, también se ha evaluado en el síncope vasovagal, con resultados prometedores.Objetivo:Analizar la evidencia más reciente sobre la utilidad de la midodrina para el control y la prevención del síncope vasovagal.Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica utilizando términos de búsqueda como Vasovagal Syncope y Midodrine, así como sinónimos, que se combinaron con operadores booleanos, en cinco bases de datos, hasta octubre del 2022. Se incluyeron estudios originales, revisiones sistemáticas y metanálisis, publicados tanto en inglés como en español.Resultados:Ensayos controlados aleatorizados y revisiones sistemáticas y metanálisis difieren ligeramente entre resultados, pero estos demuestran un efecto global protector. La evidencia más reciente y completa indica que utilizar este agente reduce significativamente la positividad al realizar la prueba de la mesa inclinada y que previene la aparición de episodios sincopales.Conclusiones:Aunque la evidencia actual sobre la eficacia de la midodrina respecto a la prevención y control del síncope vasovagal es limitada, se observa un efecto protector significativo, porque disminuye el riesgo de sufrir un episodio sincopal, aproximadamente hasta en un 50 %.Palabras clave: midodrina; síncope vasovagal; síncope; adrenérgicos; medicina basada en la evidencia

Introduction: Vasovagal syncope is the main cause of transient loss of consciousness, being an in-creasingly frequent reason for consultation in pediatrics and adult medicine. Midodrine, a periphe-rally acting alpha-receptor agonist, is mainly used in the management of orthostatic hypotension. However, it has also been evaluated in vasovagal syncope, with promising results. Objective: To analyze the most recent evidence on the usefulness of midodrine for the control and prevention of vasovagal syncope. Materials and Methods: A literature search was performed using search terms such as "Vasovagal Syncope" and "Midodrine," as well as synonyms, which were combined with Boolean operators, in 5 databases until October 2022. Original studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses, published in both English and Spanish, were included. Results: Randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews and meta-analyses differ slightly between results, but these demonstrate an overall protective effect. The most recent and complete evidence shows that using this agent significantly reduces the probability of positivity when performing the tilt table test and prevents the occurrence of syncopal episodes. Conclusions: Although current evidence on the efficacy of midodrine with respect to the prevention and control of vasovagal syncope is limited, a significant protective effect is observed, reducing the risk of suffering syncopal episode by approximately up to 50%

Introdução: a síncope vasovagal é a principal causa de perda transitória de consciência e é um motivo cada vez mais comum de consulta em pediatria e medicina de adultos. A midodrina é um agonista do receptor alfa de ação periférica usado principalmente no tratamento da hipotensão ortostática; no entanto, ela também foi avaliada na síncope vasovagal, com resultados promissores. Objetivo: Revisar as evidências mais recentes sobre a utilidade da midodrina para o controle e a pre-venção da síncope vasovagal. Materiais e métodos: Foi realizada uma pesquisa na literatura usando termos de pesquisa como Va-sovagal, Syncope e Medodrine, bem como sinônimos, que foram combinados com operadores boo-leanos, em cinco bancos de dados, até outubro de 2022. Foram incluídos estudos originais, revisões sistemáticas e metanálises, publicados em inglês e espanhol. Resultados: Os ensaios clínicos randomizados, as revisões sistemáticas e as metanálises diferem ligei-ramente entre os resultados, mas demonstram um efeito protetor geral. As evidências mais recentes e abrangentes indicam que o uso desse agente reduz significativamente a positividade no teste de inclinação da mesa e evita a ocorrência de episódios de síncope. Conclusões: Embora as evidências atuais sobre a eficácia da midodrina em relação à prevenção e ao controle da síncope vasovagal sejam limitadas, observa-se um efeito protetor significativo, pois ela diminui o risco de sofrer um episódio sincopal em aproximadamente 50%

El beneficio del paciente como objetivo de la humanización / Patient benefit as a goal of humanization

El empoderamiento del paciente supone uno de los principales pilares dela humanización. Por ello, la consideración de las preferencias y expectativas de los pacientes debería ser tenida en cuenta durante el ejerciciode cualquiera de los profesionales de la salud. Mejorar la supervivenciaglobal y la calidad de vida son los deseos principales de los pacientes. Dehecho, la reciente aparición de los llamados Patient Reported Outcomes hasupuesto un importante foco para los agentes involucrados en la asistenciasanitaria. El farmacéutico hospitalario especializado en la evaluación demedicamentos es un profesional que evalúa la eficacia, seguridad, adecuación y eficiencia de los tratamientos prescritos por facultativos, y debebasar la toma de decisiones tanto en factores técnicos como en los cuatroprincipios bioéticos. La correcta aplicación de la práctica clínica basadaen la evidencia permite proveer a los pacientes de incrementos de supervivencia y/o calidad de vida, adecuando la conveniencia y costes a lasituación actual. Teniendo en cuenta esto, podría decirse que la evaluaciónde medicamentos supone un fuerte compromiso con la humanización. Porotra parte, las organizaciones que promueven la evaluación y selecciónde medicamentos rigurosamente se erigen como aliados de los pacientes,ya que repercuten de forma directa en éstos y de forma indirecta en lasociedad. Las agencias reguladoras encargadas de la aprobación y financiación de medicamentos en los sistemas sanitarios protagonizan un papelfundamental en el proceso de humanización de la toma de decisiones clínicas y empoderamiento de pacientes, ya que si aprueban el uso de nuevos medicamentos según datos que no miden la calidad de vida o supervivencia de los pacientes cuando ya existen otras alternativas terapéuticaspara estas patologías, indirectamente no estarán dando respuesta a lasexpectativas de los pacientes y conculcarán los principios bioéticos. (AU)

Patient empowerment is one of the main pillars of humanisation. Therefore,consideration of patients’ preferences and expectations should be takeninto account during the practice of any healthcare professional. Improvingoverall survival and quality of life are the main wishes of patients. Indeed,the recent emergence of Patient Reported Outcomes has become animportant focus for healthcare providers. The hospital pharmacist specialised in drug evaluation is a professional who evaluates the efficacy, safety,appropriateness and efficiency of treatments prescribed by physicians,and decision-making must be based on both technical factors and thefour principles of bioethics. The correct application of evidence-based clinical practice allows to provide patients with increases in survival and/orquality of life, adapting the convenience and costs to the current situation.With this in mind, it could be said that the evaluation of medicines involvesa strong commitment to humanisation. On the other hand, organisationsthat promote the rigorous evaluation and selection of medicines standas allies of patients, as they have a direct impact on them and an indirect impact on society. Regulatory agencies in charge of approving andfinancing medicines in healthcare systems play a key role in the processof humanising clinical decision-making and empowering patients. If theseagencies approve the use of new medicines based on data that do notmeasure quality of life or survival of patients when there are already othertherapeutic alternatives for these pathologies, they are indirectly failing tomeet patients’ expectations and are infringing bioethical principles. (AU)

Efficacy and safety of antipsychotics and antidepressants in the treatment of anorexia nervosa: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: The recommendations of the current guidelines are based on low quality evidence. Periodic updating is required, taking recent evidence into consideration. OBJECTIVE: To synthesise the best available clinical evidence on the efficacy and safety of second-generation antidepressants and antipsychotics in patients with anorexia nervosa. METHODS: Systematic review (CRD42020150577). We searched PubMed, SCOPUS, Ovid(Cochrane), EMBASE and LILACS for randomised clinical trials performed in patients with anorexia nervosa that evaluated the use of second-generation antipsychotics or oral antidepressants, at any dose and for any length of time, in outpatient and/or hospital treatment, taking weight (body mass index), psychopathological entities and safety as results. RESULTS: Five studies were included, with four assessed as having a high risk of bias. The evidence indicates that patients receiving treatment with olanzapine or fluoxetine tend to stay in treatment programmes for longer. Olanzapine showed favourable results (one study) in terms of weight gain, but did not show the same results in psychopathology, where the evidence is contradictory. CONCLUSIONS: In accordance with previous reviews, our work allows us to conclude that there is contradictory information on the efficacy of psychotropic drugs in the treatment of anorexia nervosa. Future work should focus on developing clinical trials of high methodological quality.

Eficacia y seguridad de antipsicóticos y antidepresivos en el tratamiento de la anorexia nerviosa: revisión sistemática / Efficacy and Safety of Antipsychotics and Antidepressants in the Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa: a Systematic Review

RESUMEN Introducción: Las recomendaciones de las guías vigentes están basadas en evidencia de baja calidad. Se requiere su actualización periódica considerando la evidencia reciente. Objetivo: Sintetizar la mejor evidencia clínica disponible sobre eficacia y seguridad de antidepresivos y antipsicóticos de segunda generación en pacientes con anorexia nerviosa. Métodos: Revisión sistemática (CRD42020150577). Se buscaron en PubMed, SCOPUS, Ovid(Cochrane), EMBASE y LILACS los ensayos clínicos aleatorizados realizados en pacientes con anorexia nerviosa que evaluasen el uso de antipsicóticos de segunda generación o antidepresivos orales a cualquier dosis y por cualquier tiempo en el tratamiento ambulatorio y/u hospitalario tomando como resultados el peso (índice de masa corporal), las entidades psicopatológicas y la seguridad. Resultados: Se incluyeron 5 estudios, 4 catalogados como con alto riesgo de sesgo. La evidencia indica que los pacientes que reciben tratamiento con olanzapina o fluoxetina tienden a mantenerse por más tiempo dentro de los programas de tratamiento. La olanzapina mostró resultados favorables (un estudio) en cuanto al aumento de peso, pero no mostró los mismos resultados en psicopatología, donde la evidencia es contradictoria. Conclusiones: En concordancia con las revisiones anteriores, nuestro trabajo permite concluir que hay información contradictoria sobre la eficacia de los psicofármacos para la anorexia nerviosa. El trabajo futuro debe enfocarse en desarrollar ensayos clínicos de alta calidad metodológica.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The recommendations of the current guidelines are based on low quality evidence. Periodic updating is required, taking recent evidence into consideration. Objective: To synthesise the best available clinical evidence on the efficacy and safety of second-generation antidepressants and antipsychotics in patients with anorexia nervosa. Methods: Systematic review (CRD42020150577). We searched PubMed, SCOPUS, Ovid(Cochrane), EMBASE and LILACS for randomised clinical trials performed in patients with anorexia nervosa that evaluated the use of second-generation antipsychotics or oral antidepressants, at any dose and for any length of time, in outpatient and/or hospital treatment, taking weight (body mass index), psychopathological entities and safety as results. Results: Five studies were included, with four assessed as having a high risk of bias. The evidence indicates that patients receiving treatment with olanzapine or fluoxetine tend to stay in treatment programmes for longer. Olanzapine showed favourable results (one study) in terms of weight gain, but did not show the same results in psychopathology, where the evidence is contradictory. Conclusions: In accordance with previous reviews, our work allows us to conclude that there is contradictory information on the efficacy of psychotropic drugs in the treatment of anorexia nervosa. Future work should focus on developing clinical trials of high methodological quality.

Ejercicio físico y embarazo. Medicina basada en la evidencia (MBE) / Physical exercise and pregnancy. Evidence based medicine (EBM)

La actividad física durante el embarazo promueve la salud materna, fetal y neonatal. Los beneficios para la salud de la actividad física prenatal incluyen un riesgo reducido de aumento de peso gestacional excesivo, diabetes gestacional, preeclampsia, complicaciones del parto, parto prematuro, complicaciones del recién nacido y depresión posparto. Las principales guías de actividad física/ejercicio durante el embarazo recomiendan que todas las mujeres embarazadas sin contraindicaciones médicas u obstétricas se mantengan activas físicamente durante la gestación, con el objetivo de conseguir beneficios para su salud y, al mismo tiempo, reducir la posibilidad de complicaciones durante el embarazo. Analizamos en este artículo lo que la medicina basada en la evidencia (MBE) indica con respecto al ejercicio físico y el embarazo. Para ello, nos basamos en las diferentes Revisiones Cochrane existentes, así como en las principales Guías de práctica clínica y Documentos de consenso (AU)

Physical activity during pregnancy promotes maternal, fetal and neonatal health. The health benefits of prenatal physical activity include a reduced risk of excess gestational weight gain, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, labor complications, preterm labor, newborn complications, and postpartum depression. The main guidelines for physical activity/exercise during pregnancy recommend that all pregnant women without medical or obstetric contraindications, remain physically active during the gestation, in order to achieve benefits for their health and at the same time reduce the possibility of complications during pregnancy. We analyze in this article what evidence based medicine (EBM) indicates regarding physical exercise and pregnancy. To do this, we draw on the different existing Cochrane reviews, as well as on the main Clinical practice guidelines and Consensus documents (AU)

Guía de práctica clínica para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la otitis media aguda en niños.

BACKGROUND: Acute otitis media (AOM) is one of the most prevalent acute conditions in the pediatric population worldwide. This work aimed to elaborate a Clinical Practice Guideline with clinical recommendations systematically developed to assist decision-making of specialists, patients, caregivers, and public policymakers involved in managing patients with AOM in children. METHODS: This document was developed by the College of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology and Head, and Neck Surgery of Mexico (COPEME) in compliance with international standards. The SIGN quality of evidence classification was used. On behalf of the COPEME, the Guideline Development Group (GDG) was integrated, including otolaryngologists, infectologists, pediatricians, general practitioners, and methodologists with experience in systematic literature reviews and the development of clinical practice guidelines. RESULTS: A consensus was reached on 18 clinical questions, covering what was previously established by the GDG in the scope document of the guidelines. Scientific evidence answering each of these clinical questions was identified and critically evaluated. The GDG agreed on the final wording of the clinical recommendations using the modified Delphi panel technique. Specialists and patient representatives conducted an external validation. CONCLUSIONS: This Clinical Practice Guideline presents clinical recommendations for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of AOM to assist shared decision-making among physicians, patients, and caregivers and improve the quality of clinical care.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La otitis media aguda (OMA) es uno de los padecimientos agudos más prevalentes en la población pediátrica a escala global. El objetivo de este trabajo fue elaborar una guía de práctica clínica con recomendaciones para asistir la toma de decisiones de médicos especialistas, pacientes, cuidadores de pacientes y elaboradores de políticas públicas involucrados en el manejo de la OMA en niños. MÉTODOS: El documento ha sido desarrollado por parte del Colegio de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello Pediátricas de México (COPEME) en cumplimiento con los estándares internacionales. Se empleó la clasificación de calidad de la evidencia de SIGN. En representación del COPEME, se integró el Grupo de Desarrollo de la Guía (GDG), que incluyó otorrinolaringólogos, infectólogos, pediatras, médicos generales y metodólogos con experiencia en revisiones sistemáticas de la literatura y el desarrollo de guías de práctica clínica. RESULTADOS: Se consensuaron 18 preguntas clínicas que abarcaron lo establecido previamente por el GDG en el documento de alcances de la Guía. Se identificó la evidencia científica que responde a cada una de estas preguntas clínicas y se evaluó críticamente. El GDG acordó la redacción final de las recomendaciones clínicas mediante la técnica Delphi de panel. Se llevó a cabo una validación externa por colegas especialistas y representantes de pacientes. CONCLUSIONES: En esta Guía de Práctica Clínica se presentan recomendaciones clínicas para la prevención, el diagnóstico y el manejo de la OMA, con el fin de asistir la toma de decisiones compartidas entre médicos, pacientes y cuidadores con la intención de contribuir a mejorar la calidad de la atención clínica.

[Translated article] Spanish Asthma Management Guidelines (GEMA) v.5.1. Highlights and Controversies.

In this fifth phase of development, the contents of the Spanish Asthma Management Guidelines (GEMA), which include versions 5.0 and 5.1, have undergone a thorough review. The aim here is to set the main changes in context. These could be summarized as follows: DIAGNOSIS: new FENO cut-off and severity classification based on treatment needed to maintain control; INTERMITTENT ASTHMA: a more restrictive concept and treatment extended to include a glucocorticoid/adrenergic combination as needed; MILD ASTHMA: glucocorticoid/adrenergic therapy as needed as an alternative in case of low therapeutic adherence to conventional fixed-dose steroids; SEVERE ASTHMA: readjustment of phenotypes, incorporation of triple therapy in a single inhaler, and criteria for selection of a biologic in severe uncontrolled asthma; OTHERS: specific scoring in childhood asthma, incorporation of certain organizational aspects (care circuits, asthma units, telemedicine), new sections on COVID-19 and nasal polyposis.

Modelo de gestión de riesgo del programa de recuperación precoz de la cirugía colorectal electiva / Risk management model of the early recovery program of the elective colorectal surgery

Introducción: La gestión de riesgo perioperatorio sustentado en los programas o protocolos de recuperación precoz o mejorada después de la cirugía valida la calidad en los cuidados perioperatorios con disminución de la incidencia de morbilidad y mortalidad basado en la evidencia de un conjunto de acciones que cubren todo el período perioperatorio. Objetivo: Validar el programa de recuperación precoz después de la cirugía colorectal en los pacientes quirúrgicos electivos en los hospitales Provincial Docente de Oncología María Curie, Universitario Manuel Ascunce Domenech de la provincia de Camagüey y General Universitario Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y del Castillo en la provincia de Granma. Métodos: La investigación se ejecutó en dos fases. En la Fase I se realizó validación externa e interna del programa de recuperación precoz de la cirugía colorectal electiva por consulta de expertos mediante escala Likert. En la Fase II se realizó un estudio piloto experimental con dos grupos de 119 pacientes cada uno. Resultados: La mayor parte de los pacientes del grupo de estudio, 97,5 por ciento tuvieron una recuperación precoz óptima basada en no dolor, no íleo paralítico, no complicaciones cardiovasculares, ni respiratorias perioperatorias. El 94,1 por ciento de grupo de estudio egresó en condición de vivo, con una estadía de cinco días en promedio, inferior a los nueve del grupo control. Conclusiones: El programa de recuperación precoz muestra disminución de la incidencia de morbilidad y mortalidad así como reducción de estadía hospitalaria. Con beneficios tanto para el paciente como para los servicios de salud(AU)

Introduction: Perioperative risk management supported by programs or protocols for early or improved recovery after surgery validates the quality of perioperative care, with a decrease in the incidence of morbidity and mortality based on the evidence of a set of actions covering the entire perioperative period. Objective: To validate the program for early recovery after colorectal surgery in elective surgical patients at María Curie Provincial Teaching Oncological Hospital and Manuel Ascunce Domenech University Hospital, both in Camagüey Province, as well as at Carlos Manuel de Céspedes General University Hospital in Granma Province. Methods: The research was carried out in two phases. In phase I, external and internal validation of the early recovery program for elective colorectal surgery was carried out by means of expert consultation using a Likert scale. In phase II, an experimental pilot study was carried out with two groups of 119 patients each. Results: Most of the patients in the study group (97.5 percent) had optimal early recovery, based on the fact that they did not present pain, paralytic ileus, either cardiovascular or respiratory complications perioperatively. 94.1 percent of the patients in the study group were discharged in the condition of living, with an average hospital stay of five days, lower than the nine days of the control group. Conclusions: The early recovery program shows a decrease in the incidence of morbidity and mortality, as well as a reduction in hospital stay, with benefits for both the patient and the health services(AU)

Principales modificaciones en la guía de práctica clínica «COVID-19 en pediatría» / Main changes in the «COVID-19 in paediatrics» clinical practice guideline

Presentamos el resumen de las principales modificaciones surgidas en la guía de práctica clínica «COVID-19 en Pediatría» entre su versión inicial publicada en el año 2021 y la publicada en el año 2022. El documento se ha elaborado siguiendo los pasos estructurados de la medicina basada en la evidencia e incorporando el sistema GRADE para realizar síntesis de la evidencia, con valoración de su calidad y, cuando se consideró apropiado, emitir recomendaciones jerarquizadas (en función de la calidad de la evidencia, los valores y preferencias, el balance entre beneficios, riesgos y costes, la equidad y la factibilidad). En esta actualización se incluyen también los cambios recomendados por los revisores externos. Se sintetizan las principales modificaciones en los siguientes apartados: epidemiología, clínica, diagnóstico, prevención, tratamiento y vacunas. En el conjunto del conocimiento alcanzado a lo largo del primer año de pandemia, las publicaciones durante el segundo año añaden nuevos datos, sin que en muchas de las áreas se produzcan modificaciones sustanciales. Los principales cambios acaecen en el campo de investigación de las vacunas. Esta actualización finaliza en diciembre de 2021, coincidiendo con el aumento de la infección por ómicron, por lo que será necesario una futura actualización del documento.(AU)

We present a summary of the main modifications to the «COVID-19 in Paediatrics» clinical practice guideline made from its initial version, published in 2021, and the version published in 2022. The document was developed following the structured steps of evidence-based medicine and applying the GRADE system to synthesize the evidence, assess its quality and, when appropriate, issue graded recommendations (based on the quality of the evidence, values and preferences, the balance between benefits, risks and costs, equity and feasibility). This update also includes the modifications proposed by external reviewers.We summarised the main modifications in the following sections: epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, prevention, treatment and vaccines. In relation to the body of knowledge achieved in the first year of the pandemic, the literature published in the second year contributed additional data, but without substantial modifications in many of the areas. The main changes took place in the field of vaccine research. This update was completed in December 2021, coinciding with the emergence of infections by the omicron variant, so the document will need to be updated in the future. (AU)

Main changes in the "COVID-19 in paediatrics" clinical practice guideline.

We present a summary of the main modifications to the "COVID-19 in Paediatrics" clinical practice guideline made from its initial version, published in 2021, and the version published in 2022. The document was developed following the structured steps of evidence-based medicine and applying the GRADE system to synthesize the evidence, assess its quality and, when appropriate, issue graded recommendations (based on the quality of the evidence, values and preferences, the balance between benefits, risks and costs, equity and feasibility). This update also includes the modifications proposed by external reviewers. We summarised the main modifications in the following sections: epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, prevention, treatment and vaccines. In relation to the body of knowledge achieved in the first year of the pandemic, the literature published in the second year contributed additional data, but without substantial modifications in many the areas. The main changes took place in the field of vaccine research. This update was completed in December 2021, coinciding with the emergence of infections by the omicron variant, so the document will need to be updated in the future.